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Linkage forks for DH

Huck Banzai

Turbo Monkey
May 8, 2005
2,523
23
Transitory
The BMW Telelever is a linkage design with a 1:1 damper. As mentioned above it is used on the best-selling adventure moto on the planet.

(I won't argue it is the BEST adventure moto, just the best selling. Thanks, Ewan)
What is the travel on that fork? I dont see how it could possibly be one to one unless it has very short travel. I have a friend with a K1300S, I need to look at his a little closer, but even if I rode it, I dont have a useful baseline as I have so little moto experience.

I do notice, as you stated, that in BMW's case these are only on the bigger bikes - why not applied to the smaller?

--

The secong example in the link posted above is very odd, linkage yes, but the damper and spring appeat to still be in a telescoping leg.
 

iRider

Turbo Monkey
Apr 5, 2008
5,653
3,093
I do notice, as you stated, that in BMW's case these are only on the bigger bikes - why not applied to the smaller?
They try to hit a certain price point. The smaller bikes are cheaper and use forks not produced by BMW to get there.
 

ohio

The Fresno Kid
Nov 26, 2001
6,649
24
SF, CA
What is the travel on that fork? I dont see how it could possibly be one to one unless it has very short travel.
The secong example in the link posted above is very odd, linkage yes, but the damper and spring appear to still be in a telescoping leg.
Sorry, I should have clarified. They don't run it as a 1:1, but because it uses telescoping legs, you could easily run traditional fork springs and dampers if you wanted instead of an external shock.

The travel on the GS (longest travel model) is 7.5". The linkage gives them an anti-dive axle path, a mechanically efficient chassis (thinner/lighter lowers and stanchions, massively lighter headstock), and ability to use an external shock.

edit: and iRider is correct. They market their linkage forks as premium, and their telescopic forks as budget.

edit2: to be honest, I don't think hub-centered steering a la the Bimota would ever make sense for bicycles. Too mechanically complex to ever net a weight reduction. However, the telelever and Hossack designs are both quite elegant and simple, and I think have potential.
 
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Kamanchi

Chimp
Oct 31, 2008
52
0
Califonia
Telescopics are simple and by watching Hill, Peaty, Carmichael, Stuart, Reed, Rossi and Stoner they do not create the reality of poor performance.

Like any suspension system it is a slave to the tuning capacity. Linkage or tele, single pivot or four-bar.. not one suspension system can make up for poor tuning, bad rebound choice, blown shock, and the wrong spring weight. The simplicity of the telescopic "shell" (in manufacturing and statistical part total failure) is why multi-billion dollar corporations rely on them to steer their champions successfully to multi-million dollar championships.

Anti-dive in telescopics exsist and have existed in two forms. Electronically and hydromechanicaly when the front brake is actuated to "adjust" valving according to brake force. Integrating front braking is a complex issue that has not made its way into mtb suspension..yet.

Simplicity and elegance seem to win everytime and even given the possibility that linkage forks could provide a perfomance advantage (meaning exactly how many seconds off my race run is this ugly ass fork gonna give me?)... is it going to make everyone take their visor of their helmet?
 

TrueScotsman

Monkey
Mar 20, 2002
271
2
Scotland
So no-one was up for my idea of a Monkey Fork!

So, let's move this thread from being an argument between believers and non-believers to one that discusses the various pros and cons of different linkage forks (Moto and Mtb).

Also, what would be ideal traits in a linkage fork?
 

Steve M

Turbo Monkey
Mar 3, 2007
1,991
45
Whistler
I reckon there is some potential in something like this design, as far as it being a trailing-link kind of setup rather than leading link like almost everything else, which I just couldn't see working well as far as axle path and anti-dive go. This is the only bicycle fork I've seen that would appear to have an intelligently placed IC as far as both anti-dive and axle path characteristics go. It looks like it would be a struggle to get more than 3-4" of travel out of it though.

I also like the BMW Duolever design a bit better than the Telelever one, however both of them would be hard to fit to a bicycle frame at any kind of reasonable weight IMO. They also require spherical bearings to allow for the fact that the steering axis isn't fixed, which means more money/complexity/weight.

Stand-alone forks that are capable of being mounted to an existing frame I think would be EXTREMELY difficult - borderline impossible - to get to work properly. There is only a small range of positions that the instant centre can actually be in to give you any amount of anti dive as well as a desirable axle path (for a DH bike) without too much variation in trail and whatnot, and the area the IC needs to be in to do that is physically impossible to achieve with a leading-link design like these:


After a bit of consideration, I have come to the belief that for DH riding, there are only two ways to make a linkage fork that performs well:
1. Make the links huge and heavy (if it's to be a stand-alone item that is retrofittable to a standard frame), have them working as a trailing-link setup with huge forward offset on both upper and lower crowns for the pivots, in order that they're not smacking into the frame the second you turn the bars 1 degree. Or you could make the fork 3ft wide but I think that's a bad idea for many obvious reasons. The links would need to be seriously over 12" long though, which I think is quite obviously going to be a structural and packaging nightmare since the offset of the pivots from the steering axis would then need to be similarly far.
2. An integrated approach with the frame, along the lines of the Telelever setup. If the linkages on that Whyte were tuned well I think they could work alright, however then you introduce the moving steering axis and 3D handling dynamics that never existed before. If you could tune that well, you might even be able to improve handling over a current tele fork, but achieving all these things simultaneously would be difficult at best. On a motorbike where adding 1kg doesn't really make a difference, this kind of thing is fine, but on a bike where adding 1kg to your fork is increasing the weight by like 50%, that's not cool.
 

Steve M

Turbo Monkey
Mar 3, 2007
1,991
45
Whistler
So no-one was up for my idea of a Monkey Fork!

So, let's move this thread from being an argument between believers and non-believers to one that discusses the various pros and cons of different linkage forks (Moto and Mtb).

Also, what would be ideal traits in a linkage fork?
Ideal traits IMO:
1. Axle path that doesn't involve drastic changes to your trail, if anything increases trail by moving slightly rearwards relative to the steering axis. Ideally wide radius/close to linear to minimise the change. Need to find the best compromise between increasing trail and decreasing wheelbase (ie moving centre of mass forward relative to the front wheel - pretty big deal on steep terrain), though a couple of mm in either direction may not turn out to be perceptible/significant. Never know til you try though.
2. Some degree of anti-dive, between 0% and 100%. Definitely not outside that range at any point in the first 90% of the travel, ideally with the anti-dive decreasing as the fork compresses. In my estimation, you'd probably want it to go from ~90% down to maybe 20% by the end of the travel. Kind of like DW-link for anti-dive forks (Dave's probably out there furiously scribbling out a patent application already :p). This characteristic is absolutely achievable with a "floating brake" for a tele fork though, which IMO would combine the benefits of a telescopic fork (existing advanced structure, well-established spring and damping rates, familiar handling geometry and dynamics) with the main dynamic benefit of a linkage fork (anti-dive characteristics)
3. Structurally strong/stiff, comparable weight to existing tele forks.
4. Compatible with off-the-shelf dampers already available (CCDB fork anyone? haha). Have to tune leverage rates and progression to make this suitable for the desired wheel rates of a front wheel rather than a rear.
5. Packaging - has to actually fit the bike somehow, whether that means working around existing frames or with an integrated approach to the frame design.

Seriously though - if anyone out there wants to take me on board to design and help build such a thing, I'm more than up for it. I don't have the money or facilities to do it on my own though.
 

EVRAC

Monkey
Jun 21, 2004
757
19
Port Coquitlam, B.C., Canada
What if the leading link design was made to track an axle path that was as close as possible to a standard telescopic fork? Forget about anti-dive and trail for a second. I found this sketch (artist unknown) online:
 

EVRAC

Monkey
Jun 21, 2004
757
19
Port Coquitlam, B.C., Canada
So no-one was up for my idea of a Monkey Fork!

So, let's move this thread from being an argument between believers and non-believers to one that discusses the various pros and cons of different linkage forks (Moto and Mtb).

Also, what would be ideal traits in a linkage fork?
I'm up for a Monkey Fork!

I've already committed to try to design and build one for my mechanical engineering degree final project, so any advice, suggestions, etc, would be awesome.
 

TrueScotsman

Monkey
Mar 20, 2002
271
2
Scotland
How about a bit of both worlds???
Scott Beaumont used these for a good couple of years on the 4X circuit.
I've tried Scott's bike a couple of years ago with that fork on- Very disconcerting with 100% (I think) anti-dive. Just unfamiliarety of the feeling.

Socket- I believe you're right- to get the full benefits of a linkage fork at a lighter weight it would have to be integrated into the frame.

But, I'm not sure that a decreasing anti-dive is ideal. Would it not be better to start around 50% anti-dive then increasing to around 100% at full travel?- This way you still get a bit of initial dive (helpful for familiarity) but a system that doesn't wallow in it's travel.
 

TrueScotsman

Monkey
Mar 20, 2002
271
2
Scotland
Tony Foale's book is very good on linkage forks (or FFE's as he calls them- Funny Front Ends)
There is a program on his website to analyse them (tonyfoale.com)
 

Steve M

Turbo Monkey
Mar 3, 2007
1,991
45
Whistler
What if the leading link design was made to track an axle path that was as close as possible to a standard telescopic fork? Forget about anti-dive and trail for a second. I found this sketch (artist unknown) online:
The problem with leading-link setups is that to get the same axle path as a tele fork, you are more or less required to have a pro-dive configuration based on the position of the instant centre. It needs to be behind and below the axle, yet above ground level, in order to achieve both comparable axle path and anti-dive effects. Draw a 100% anti-dive line from the contact patch up through the centre of mass; this is the line on which the IC must lie to get 100% anti-dive.

I've tried Scott's bike a couple of years ago with that fork on- Very disconcerting with 100% (I think) anti-dive. Just unfamiliarety of the feeling.

Socket- I believe you're right- to get the full benefits of a linkage fork at a lighter weight it would have to be integrated into the frame.

But, I'm not sure that a decreasing anti-dive is ideal. Would it not be better to start around 50% anti-dive then increasing to around 100% at full travel?- This way you still get a bit of initial dive (helpful for familiarity) but a system that doesn't wallow in it's travel.
No, I think it should start at or just below 100%, maybe remain at that level for the first 20-25% of the travel (until the sag point), then drop off afterwards. The reason for this is bump absorption - as the spring and damping forces pick up when the fork compresses, the anti-dive force decreases to reduce the overall force being transmitted to the rider. This should result in a fork that sits up in its travel pretty well but doesn't suffer from excessive harshness. No credit for this idea though, it's pretty much exactly what DW-link does with anti-squat.
 

TrueScotsman

Monkey
Mar 20, 2002
271
2
Scotland
No, I think it should start at or just below 100%, maybe remain at that level for the first 20-25% of the travel (until the sag point), then drop off afterwards. The reason for this is bump absorption - as the spring and damping forces pick up when the fork compresses, the anti-dive force decreases to reduce the overall force being transmitted to the rider. This should result in a fork that sits up in its travel pretty well but doesn't suffer from excessive harshness. No credit for this idea though, it's pretty much exactly what DW-link does with anti-squat.
I see exactly what your saying- i am currently designing a gearbox bike to have exactly this trait in the rear.(I have a g-boxx sitting waiting in the workshop)

Why I suggested starting at around 50% anti-dive was mainly to help riders adjust from going from telescopic forks. Riding the USE fork on Scott Beamont's bike it seemed very easy (too easy!) to lock the front brake on as there seemed to be very little rider feedback regarding braking pressure. I am sure you would get used to it and in time even be able to reduce braking distances (since the front suspension would be able to track the ground better) but it would need some re-learning.
 

Steve M

Turbo Monkey
Mar 3, 2007
1,991
45
Whistler
I see exactly what your saying- i am currently designing a gearbox bike to have exactly this trait in the rear.(I have a g-boxx sitting waiting in the workshop)

Why I suggested starting at around 50% anti-dive was mainly to help riders adjust from going from telescopic forks. Riding the USE fork on Scott Beamont's bike it seemed very easy (too easy!) to lock the front brake on as there seemed to be very little rider feedback regarding braking pressure. I am sure you would get used to it and in time even be able to reduce braking distances (since the front suspension would be able to track the ground better) but it would need some re-learning.
Yeah I agree with the familiarity/learning thing, and without a rear end with >100% anti-rise, you'll end up increasing the height of the centre of mass if you actually have 100% anti-dive throughout the whole travel. I reckon around 80% (near the sag point) should give you some amount of squish to give some feedback, but still reduce brake dive quite significantly.
 

TrueScotsman

Monkey
Mar 20, 2002
271
2
Scotland
Yeah I agree with the familiarity/learning thing, and without a rear end with >100% anti-rise, you'll end up increasing the height of the centre of mass if you actually have 100% anti-dive throughout the whole travel. I reckon around 80% (near the sag point) should give you some amount of squish to give some feedback, but still reduce brake dive quite significantly.
What you have to also remember though is that even 0% anti-dive in the front is preferable to a telescopic fork with it's PRO-dive attributes.

This is one reason that the Yamaha GTS starts it's travel in a pro-dive configuration (-44% -approx half that of a telescopic fork) and then moves through it's travel to give an anti-dive of around 26% at the end of travel.
(source; Tony Foale book)



Not saying this set-up is ideal as it requires hub-centre steering (a whole new kettle of fish!)
 
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TrueScotsman

Monkey
Mar 20, 2002
271
2
Scotland
Draw a 100% anti-dive line from the contact patch up through the centre of mass; this is the line on which the IC must lie to get 100% anti-dive.
Sorry, i think you mean "Draw a 100% anti-dive line from the contact patch up through the intersection of COM height ABOVE the REAR tyre contact point."
 

Steve M

Turbo Monkey
Mar 3, 2007
1,991
45
Whistler
Sorry, i think you mean "Draw a 100% anti-dive line from the contact patch up through the intersection of COM height ABOVE the REAR tyre contact point."
Not according to Tony Foale - http://www.tonyfoale.com/Articles/Dive/DIVE.htm

Haven't derived it from first principles myself so if you've got an explanation as to why his method of calculation is wrong, I'm open to hearing it.

Edit: just drew it up, you are correct. Mr Foale's method ignores the length of the wheelbase and its effect on the change in normal force at the front tyre for any given couple moment caused by a given braking force at the wheel and the inertia of the centre of mass at a given height above the ground.

Edit 2: it's 1am and I'm drawing anti-dive diagrams on a piece of newspaper. Man I need a life.
 
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TrueScotsman

Monkey
Mar 20, 2002
271
2
Scotland
That must be one of Tony Foale's earlier articles as I was using the method he uses in his book. (well worth buying if you do not already own)
 

TrueScotsman

Monkey
Mar 20, 2002
271
2
Scotland
A few more examples;

The Dave Smart designed Muddy Fox Interactive.
Similar to the later Whyte forks. Looks like it starts with pro-dive and later in travel becomes anti-dive.


Also, the Mantis prototype bike.
Looks like the Outland fork (the people behind VPP). The same trailing link idea as the HRC fork and the e-Fohrk.
 

Steve M

Turbo Monkey
Mar 3, 2007
1,991
45
Whistler
I think that kind of approach, or the sort of setup the Whyte on page 1 had, would have more potential than trying to package it so that the links are mounted independently of the steering head (a la Girvin etc), but then you have to have spherical bearings for the steering head and deal with the changes in head angle (which may be beneficial or detrimental, who knows) in addition to all the other parameters you need to tune simultaneously. Not saying it's an impossible task, but I think it would be difficult. You'd also need a third steering head bearing for the actual bars/stem, with another linkage to provide an actual means of steering. It'd be difficult to do at an acceptable weight too.
 

TrueScotsman

Monkey
Mar 20, 2002
271
2
Scotland
yup, I think your right, the Hossack system shows good potential.
To get around the spherical bearings you could have a suspended headtube like the MX bike of Hoyt McKagen;


So, would a Monkey Fork need a special Monkey frame?
 
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Steve M

Turbo Monkey
Mar 3, 2007
1,991
45
Whistler
yup, I think your right, the Hossack system shows good potential.
To get around the spherical bearings you could have a suspended headtube like the MX bike of Hoyt McKagen;


So, would a Monkey Fork need a special Monkey frame?
That's one possibility but I think then you'd have quite a lot to worry about, possibly even moreso than with a floating steering axis. Not out of the question though.

And yeah I reckon if you were gonna do a linkage front end properly, it'd need to be an integrated approach requiring a specialised frame.
 
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TrueScotsman

Monkey
Mar 20, 2002
271
2
Scotland
Looky what I've found

A weird italian MTB linkage fork!
Pretty hefty links. Maybe the other side makes it clearer:

Looks like it starts travel in PRO-dive

I must admit i'm getting a bit obsessional abot all these linkage forks. I'm seriously thinking about integrated one into my frame designs. On paper it looks a good deal if done right;
Less/No dive
Suspension more active under braking
Constant trail

If I were serious about building one who would be in too? Any CNC engineers/millionaire philanthropists interested!?
 

LMC

Monkey
Dec 10, 2006
683
1
truescotsman

i think if you put a list of materials and services required, fellow monkies would be more than happy to lend a hand. Also if you are going to use an actual rear shock im sure it shouldnt be too much of a problem getting a suspension company to sponsor you. Look at the publicity that Millyard bike got.

i have a few 7005 tubes, plates and bars of various sizes that i can donate to the cause, and a plethora of new unused bearings. Also if you need anything created in CAD software i can help.

EDIT

if you are feeling particularly adventrous i also have a fair bit of UNI carbon fibre, its a heavyweight cloth, 300g/inchsq so quite hard to drape round very complex shapes but good for just about anything else.

FURTHER EDIT

That italian fork you posted above is actually a pretty sweet looking effort, that and the USE are the only ones that dont look terrible in my opinion
 
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MttyTee

Monkey
Jun 20, 2007
209
0
Back on the east coast!
...Constant trail...
Is constant trail desirable? As far as I can tell you want a larger trail value for straight line/ higher speed stability then have your trail reduced to something more manageable for corner entry. It seems like a constant value would be a compromise in one area. I don't see why that couldn't be designed into a linkage fork though. You'd lose some of your anti dive in the process but at least you could tune your dynamic geometry with something other than spring rate and damping.

BTW, this bike was at a local ice cream shop this weekend. Make me think of this thread.
http://www.bimotaamerica.com/galleries/bikes_t3d_gal.html
 
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Steve M

Turbo Monkey
Mar 3, 2007
1,991
45
Whistler
Looky what I've found

A weird italian MTB linkage fork!
Pretty hefty links. Maybe the other side makes it clearer:

Looks like it starts travel in PRO-dive

I must admit i'm getting a bit obsessional abot all these linkage forks. I'm seriously thinking about integrated one into my frame designs. On paper it looks a good deal if done right;
Less/No dive
Suspension more active under braking
Constant trail

If I were serious about building one who would be in too? Any CNC engineers/millionaire philanthropists interested!?
Well I've got bugger all money to contribute to such a project, but definitely keen to help with the design if you're interested in doing it.
 

Steve M

Turbo Monkey
Mar 3, 2007
1,991
45
Whistler
Can't use the IMG tags to link forum attachments from RB cos it requires a login to view them I believe.

Those old Yuris were friggin cool but that format of linkage fork is IMO using a linkage for the sake of having a linkage - it doesn't really stand to offer significant benefits over a telescopic there.
 

Owennn

Monkey
Mar 10, 2009
128
1
Those old Yuris were friggin cool but that format of linkage fork is IMO using a linkage for the sake of having a linkage - it doesn't really stand to offer significant benefits over a telescopic there.
I don't think brake dive was the main reason for the linkage fork, these bikes were built around the time the RockShox Judy DH was awesome.